TOKYO – Earthquakes dwell deep in the Japanese imagination.

No country may be better prepared for a major earthquake than Japan. Seismic standards for construction are among the strictest in the world. From a young age, Japanese learn to dive under desks to protect themselves in a quake. The nation has a state-of-the-art tsunami warning system.

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A family walks past flattened houses in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture on Saturday morning, after Japan’s strongest recorded earthquake slammed its eastern coast Friday. The Associated Press/Kyodo News

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That preparation undoubtedly saved many lives on Friday, when a magnitude 8.9 earthquake struck offshore of Japan’s main island, shaking buildings in a large swath of the country and sending a 30-foot tsunami onto a populated stretch of coast.

But an uncomfortable truth may emerge from this quake, which killed hundreds of people and caused damage that could mount into the hundreds of billions of dollars. The lesson is that there’s only so much that disaster preparedness can do. At some point, humans — even humans in an affluent society, equipped with 21st-century technology and peerless infrastructure — respond to deeper emotions, to panic or flee.

The scenes from Japan captured the almost incomprehensible power of one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded. The tsunami swept away houses, cars and ships like so much debris in a storm channel. Roads split apart; buildings buckled. And faces registered the shock and bewilderment of people whose disaster training vaporized in the violence of the moment.

“The people in my office were frozen,” said Shinji Tanaka, who works at an information technology company in Tokyo. “Nobody had any idea what to do.”

Every year, Japan marks “Disaster Prevention Day,” marked to commemorate the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, which killed more than 100,000 people in and around Tokyo. That disaster, along with the 1995 quake in Kobe, which killed more than 6,000 people, are as drilled into Japanese memory as World War II — and discussed far more openly.

Last August, the annual drill was built around a scenario in which there was a triple earthquake that killed an estimated 25,000 people and destroyed 550,000 buildings, an assessment based on a 2003 projection by the government’s Central Disaster Prevention Council.

“For every Japanese, there’s the fear of the big one,” said Ando Yasunori, 27, a magazine editor who was visiting India when the latest quake struck Japan. “The Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake wasn’t in such a populous area, but the big concern is it will occur in Tokyo or Nagoya. You live with a constant fear. Nobody knows if it will come tomorrow, in a year, 10 years or 100 years, but many Japanese know it will come.”

The preparations have become part of the culture. Most schools and offices keep helmets handy, as well as first aid kits. Disaster training begins early and can include sessions in earthquake simulators that mimic the impact of a major quake on a building.

Disaster supplies such as reflector blankets, collapsible water containers, even hand-cranked cell phones, are easily found in convenience and department stores. Neighborhoods are organized with water storage facilities. Parks, shrines and temples are designated as congregation points in case of disaster.

Not all of that preparation came into play on Friday. It appears that the tsunami hit too quickly for any warning system to help. Although some people could be seen wearing helmets after the quake, most lacked the time or presence of mind to put one on.

And in a country where minor earthquakes are a daily occurrence, some people didn’t initially recognize the gravity of the situation. “Everyone in Tokyo thought it was a jitter,” said Jon Kabira, a radio disc jockey who was on the air when the quake hit. “We didn’t take it seriously until the helicopter images started showing this incredible scene of destruction.”

Others did precisely what they had been taught not to do. Videos captured terrified people bolting out of buildings while heavy debris was crashing onto streets and sidewalks. A woman in a grocery store tried to steady a shaking shelf that threatened to collapse on her. Office workers stood in place, dumbfounded.

In other ways, the foresight paid off. High-rise buildings could be seen swaying like trees in a blustery wind, the intended result of engineering that allowed them to flex in a quake. Tanaka, the IT worker, said that while people initially froze in his office, they soon were jolted into action.

“I got under the desk,” he said. “We followed the orders of the person who had been appointed for this sort of thing. We do drills about once a year.”

Chieko Yoshida, 26, was in her sixth-floor office in Tokyo when the quake hit at 2:46 p.m. local time.

“We thought it would stop but it didn’t,” she said. “We all realized that this was different. I turned on the TV on my cell phone and saw that the epicenter was close to Iwate and other areas up north. That’s when we heard the security and maintenance staff tell us not to go outside because it was dangerous. Apparently that’s common sense. We didn’t know, though, because this is the first time we’ve had such a big earthquake,” said Yoshida.

“When it hit,” she added, “it passed through my mind that this could be the big one. What can you do? There’s nothing you can do about it. It’s an act of nature. There will be more.”

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