JERUSALEM — A fierce debate is raging within Israel’s military over the extent to which soldiers should be held legally accountable for their actions during last year’s Gaza war, with commanders increasingly at odds with military lawyers.

The dispute has set off a firestorm in Israel, where many say the legal threat would shackle soldiers in any future battle, lower their morale and shatter a sacred trust on which Israel’s compulsory military service relies.

But with the Palestinians announcing their application last week to the International Criminal Court, the decision to investigate becomes all the more pressing: A robust Israeli inquiry into its military’s actions could be essential in thwarting an embarrassing and potentially incriminating outside probe. 

Israel launched the Gaza operation on July 8 and said it was aimed at halting relentless rocket fire by Hamas militants. During 50 days of fighting, more than 2,100 Palestinians were killed, most of them civilians, according to the Hamas-run Health Ministry and the United Nations. On the Israeli side, 66 soldiers and 6 civilians were killed.

Israel has defended the operation as an act of self-defense and blamed Hamas for the heavy civilian death toll, saying the militant group used residential areas for cover. But critics have pointed to the heavy Palestinian civilian death toll and questioned whether Israel’s response was proportionate.

Israel has also come under fire from critics who say it fails to thoroughly investigate its military operations or prosecute soldiers for abuses.

Israel says it does investigate its actions, but those inquiries rarely lead to criminal punishment. Following a similar operation in Gaza in early 2009, the army convicted a total of four soldiers on various charges, including looting, improper use of a weapon and life-endangering conduct. The most serious sentence was a three-and-a-half month prison term.

Israel’s outgoing military chief, Lt.-Gen. Benny Gantz, has walked a fine line in the debate, trying both to soothe the troops’ worries and explain the need for inquiries.

“Soldiers and commanders know they have the full support of the command level,” Gantz said last month. “I feel very secure with our support and with the investigations, which are a necessary tool for our continued improvement.”

Israel’s military advocate general, Danny Efroni, is seen as the leader of the drive to investigate soldiers. Efroni and his legal team have received more than 100 complaints regarding incidents from last summer’s war and plan to conduct criminal investigations into at least 10, including the deaths of four boys in an Israeli strike on a Gaza beach on July 16 and an attack on a U.N. school on July 24.

Efroni’s perspective, military analysts say, views an internal investigation as preferable to a potential probe by the International Criminal Court. The military said Israel is “obligated” to examine every incident where a crime is suspected to have taken place. “This obligation is based on both Israeli and international law,” the military said in a statement.

The Palestinians are expected to join the court within about 60 days. Once that happens, they can submit war crimes claims against Israel. However, if Israel can show the court that it has carried out its own investigation in good faith, it could avoid an outside probe.

“Some in the military say ”˜let us investigate, we have nothing to hide. The moment we investigate, international law won’t intrude. There will be no international inquiry and no trial in The Hague,’” said Ilan Katz, a former military deputy advocate general.

Still, the threat of criminal investigations has fueled concerns that soldiers and commanders will increasingly face prosecution. Critics say that would undermine performance in the field and dissuade new recruits from joining key combat units.

The main bone of contention in the military ranks surrounds the events of Aug. 1 in the southern Gaza town of Rafah, when a temporary cease-fire was interrupted by the suspected capture of an Israeli soldier by Hamas militants. Israel unleashed a massive barrage of airstrikes and artillery fire aimed at blocking any potential escape routes of the suspected abductors. Nearly 200 people were killed in the ensuing two-day battle, according to Palestinian rights groups. The Israeli army subsequently declared that the Israeli soldier had been killed in action.

The debate over whether to investigate the soldiers follows a separate inquiry into a commander of the same brigade that fought in Rafah, who was suspected of covering up crimes alleged to have been committed by his troops, including sexual misconduct.

A group of reservists has appealed to Efroni not to investigate the Rafah incident, calling the possibility “outrageous and worrying.”

Brig. Gen. Udi Simhony, a retired military commander, warned that investigating the soldiers could lead them to lose motivation and conceal evidence from the battlefield to protect themselves.

“This needs to stop before we see its implications harm us mercilessly,” he wrote on the Walla website, a popular Israeli news portal.

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