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Protests in Libya put
oil industry on edge

Anxiety over what will happen in the OPEC nation sends crude prices sharply higher.

The Associated Press

The first major protests to hit an OPEC country put the oil industry on edge Monday, sending crude prices jumping and raising speculation about the use of emergency oil reserves that have only been touched twice in two decades.

click image to enlarge

David Castro-Diephouse returns the nozzle to the pump after filling his car's tank with gas last week in Philadelphia. Gas prices reached a 28-month high last Wednesday amid escalating violence in the Middle East, even though oil and gas supplies in the United States continue to grow and demand for gas is weak.

The Associated Press

Related headlines

• Gadhafi vows to fight on, die a martyr
• Nations meet in bid to curb price swings

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TOP 20 OIL PRODUCERS (in thousand barrels per day)

Russia: 9,495

Saudi Arabia: 8,250

United States: 5,361

Iran: 4,037

China: 3,798

Mexico: 2,601

Canada: 2,579

United Arab Emirates: 2,412

Iraq: 2,390

Kuwait: 2,350

Venezuela: 2,239

Nigeria: 2,208

Norway: 2,067

Brazil: 1,950

Angola: 1,907

Algeria: 1,782

Libya: 1,650

Kazakhstan: 1,455

United Kingdom: 1,303

Azerbaijan: 1,006

 

TOP 20 OIL EXPORTERS (in thousand barrels per day)

Saudi Arabia: 6,354

Russia: 5,430

Iran: 2,240

Nigeria: 2,092

United Arab Emirates: 1,956

Iraq: 1,875

Angola: 1,820

Norway: 1,772

Canada: 1,491

Kazakhstan: 1,412

Kuwait: 1,350

Mexico: 1,312

Venezuela: 1,270

Algeria: 1,260

Libya: 1,220

Qatar: 975

United Kingdom: 775

Azerbaijan: 597

Oman: 584

Brazil: 505

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2009 statistics

In addition to Libya, the industry is closely watching protests in Algeria, Bahrain and Iran, the second-largest crude exporter in OPEC behind Saudi Arabia.

"The concerns in the market go beyond Libya," said Victor Shum, an energy analyst with Purvin & Gertz in Singapore. "It's unlikely we're going to see any meaningful disruption of oil from the Middle East or North Africa, but the spread of this unrest has raised anxieties."

Libya is more important to the oil industry than Egypt or Tunisia, scenes of the previous uprisings in North Africa. Oil passes through Egypt, where protesters recently forced out longtime ruler Hosni Mubarak, but Egypt is not an exporter. Tunisia is a minor exporter.

Libya exports 1.1 million barrels of crude a day from production of 1.6 million barrels -- ranking it about 17th among world oil producers. And it has the largest proven oil reserves in Africa.

The United States, the world's largest consumer of oil, does not import any petroleum from Libya. But disruptions elsewhere can raise the price of oil worldwide.

Even more worrisome for oil markets is the potential for instability to spread to other countries in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, especially Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

Saudi Arabia has not been the scene of protests, but the kingdom sits atop the world's largest reserves of conventional crude.

"The elephant in the room that has the potential to really ignite the markets is Saudi Arabia," said senior commodity analyst Edward Meir at MF Global in New York.

Oil prices jumped $4.03 a barrel on Monday, with benchmark crude for March delivery at $90.23 in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. Regular trading in U.S. markets was closed for the Presidents Day holiday, and the thin trading volumes had the potential to amplify price fluctuations.

Some in the industry had their eye on world oil reserves that can be tapped if production is threatened or curtailed. The reserves have only been opened twice -- after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the first Gulf War in 1991.

David Fyfe, head of the oil industry and markets division at the International Energy Agency, said the agency's member countries have reserves of 1.6 billion barrels of oil -- equivalent to the amount of crude the United States imports in almost six months.

The agency's members are mainly oil-consuming industrial nations such as the United States, Japan, Britain and Germany.

Using government oil supplies to stabilize the oil market is "very much a last resort, but it's worth pointing out that it exists and has been used before when supplies have been disrupted," he said.

Fyfe said there are differences between now and the last time the world experienced widespread oil shortages and price increases, in 2008, including more spare capacity and greater OPEC production.

U.S. oil companies were barred from doing business in Libya until the United States lifted its embargo in 2004. Since then, contracts between Libya and foreign oil companies have been frustrating for both sides, said PFC Energy analyst David Kirsch.

The amount of oil and natural gas discovered has been disappointing, and oil companies have felt that the contracts were not generous enough, given the limited size of discoveries, he said.

If the Gadhafi government falls, oil companies may find that the new government demands terms even more favorable to Libya and less favorable to the oil companies, Kirsch said.

U.K.-based BP and Germany's Wintershall temporarily suspended operations in Libya on Monday, while Italy's Eni said production continued normally. Some firms also began evacuating foreign employees.

BP evacuated about 40 expatriate staff and their families, halting operations just four years after the company returned to Libya following a 30-year hiatus. In 2007, BP signed a deal worth at least $900 million to explore in Libya.